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                "Problème de la valeur de référence"
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                "Reference Value Problem"
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            "source": [
                "La valeur de référence est un ancien problème économique à la base de crises importantes, dues pour l'essentiel à l'incompréhension du problème des trois producteurs."
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                "The reference value is an old economic problem at the basis of many important crisis, due essentially to the misunderstanding of the “Three producers Problem”."
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                "La valeur de référence constituait à imposer aux acteurs une monnaie dont la production était contrôlée par les producteurs d'un bien déterminé, par exemple les métaux rares, ce qui leur conférait un avantage évidemment considérable quant à l'information sur la quantité de monnaie disponible dans le futur, ainsi que sur le contrôle de la masse monétaire, au détriment des autres acteurs qui ne possédaient pas cette information, et subissaient alors la rareté ou le surplus arbitraire de ce type de monnaie pour leurs échanges économiques."
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                "The reference value consisted in imposing to the actors a currency whose production was controlled by the producers of a specified property, for example rare metals, which obviously gave them a considerable advantage since they new how much money supply would be available for the future, as well as its control, at the expense of other actors who didn't have this information, and then suffered the arbitrary shortage or overproduction of that type of money for their economic exchanges."
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                "Si par ailleurs et c'est bien majoritairement le cas, cette valeur de référence n'est d'aucune utilité dans une zone économique pseudo-isolée, elle n'a d'autre rôle fondamental que de quantifier les échanges, ce qui est très avantageusement remplacé par une mesure purement mathématique."
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                "If on the other hand, and it is in majority the case, that reference value has no real utility in a pseudo-isolated economic zone, it has no other fundamental role than to quantify the exchanges, and can therefore be very advantageously swapped with a pure mathematical measure."
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                "Certains tenants de la valeur de référence objectent qu'au moins avec cette valeur il est difficile de tricher quant à la création monétaire, puisqu'il faut apporter la valeur matérielle. Ceci est faux car l'histoire a montré que bien que gagée sur une valeur de référence, la monnaie n'en a pas moins subi des poussées inflationnistes ou déflationnistes et provoqué des faillites et des crises économiques par non respect de cette « preuve » matérielle. Ce n'est donc pas une question de gage, mais des problèmes de transparence, de confiance, autant que d'éthique et de respect de l'équité, qui font le fondement de la confiance dans la monnaie commune."
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                "Some tenants of reference value object that at least with that value it is difficult to cheat regarding monetary creation, since one must add material value. This is false as history showed that even though it was based on a reference value, money has gone through inflationary or deflationary pushes, has caused bankruptcies and economic crisis because material “proof” has not been respected. It is not a matter of guarantee but a problem of transparency, trust, as well as ethical and equity respect, that are at the core of trust in a common money."
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            "source": [
                "Par ailleurs, la valeur de référence n'est pas productible partout dans l'espace et encore moins dans le temps en fonction de sa rareté et de son épuisement, ce qui implique des périodes d'afflux et de raretés monétaires, un phénomène qui ne remplit pas les conditions de symétrie temporelle de la création monétaire quant aux générations futures. La génération qui décide d'adopter une monnaie de cette nature, le fait au détriment des générations suivantes, qui se verront imposer une monnaie devenue rare et possédée essentiellement par les premiers entrants ou leurs héritiers directs. C'est un facteur qui bafoue la liberté des humains futurs profondément en bloquant leurs possibilités d'accéder aux ressources de produire et d'échanger « dans la monnaie »."
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                "Also the reference value is not producible everywhere and at all times depending in its scarcity and exhaustion, which implies periods of monetary influx or scarcity, a phenomenon that doesn't fulfill the temporal symmetry condition of monetary creation toward future generations. The generation that decides to adopt a currency of such nature does it at the expense of next generations, which will be imposed a money that has become rare and essentially possessed by the first entrants or their direct inheritors. It is a factor that blows away the freedom of the future humans by blocking their possibility to access resources to produce and exchange “in the money”."
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            "source": [
                "Il existe quantité de preuves directes que les valeurs économiques ne sont pas jugées pareillement entre générations successives."
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                "Numerous direct proofs exist showing that economic values are not judged the same between successive generations."
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            "source": [
                "Prenons un exemple précis : en 2010 l'informatique et les réseaux de télécommunication ont pris une part de la valeur globalement échangée dans l'économie sans commune mesure avec ce qui existait dans les années 1980. Pour autant ce serait une erreur de penser qu'il faudrait aujourd'hui créer arbitrairement plus de monnaie gagée sur cette valeur, alors que la valeur qui dominera en 2030 sera peut-être encore plus fondamentalement différente d'après le jugement de la génération alors présente à ce moment là. Ce serait tout simplement prendre des décisions à leur place, alors qu'ils sont déjà pour l'essentiel parmi nous et manifestent déjà leur volonté de transformer l'économie selon leur propre point de vue."
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                "Let's take a specific example: in 2010, information technologies and telecommunication networks have taken a tremendous part of the globally exchanged value in the economy without common measure to what existed in 1980. But it would be a mistake to think we should today arbitrarily create more money insured with that value, since the value that will prevail in 2030 might be more fundamentally different after the judgment of the generation present at that moment. It would be simply like taking a decision in their place, although they are for the most already among us and manifest in their way their will to transform the economy from their own point of view."
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            "source": [
                "Autre exemple pris sur le passé : quand on voit la valeur relative de l'or, on constate sans aucune ambiguïté possible que, pour la génération des années 1980, il ne faisait pas de doute que ce métal était une valeur importante. Pourtant en 2010, et bien qu'en valeur faciale l'or ait battu ses records historiques rapporté à la totalité de la monnaie en circulation, il pèse bien moins dans l'économie quoique restant une valeur toujours échangée."
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                "Another example taken in the past: when we see the relative value of gold, we can see without any possible doubt, for the generation of 1980, it was very clear that this metal was of a big value. But in 2010, and even if gold facial value has broken its historical records when compared to the total sum of the money in circulation, it weights less in the economy, while still being an exchanged value."
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                "Cela ne signifie pas que cette valeur spécifique ne puisse pas évoluer de nouveau vers de tels sommets relatifs, mais bien qu'elle évolue de façon décorrélée de l'émission monétaire fiduciaire qui en est donc indépendante au moins en partie. Il n'est donc besoin d'aucune valeur spécifique pour créer une monnaie à part, la seule qui soit fondamentale et universellement présente dans l'espace et dans le temps au sein de toute zone économique : l'être humain."
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                "This doesn't mean that this specific value cannot evolve to new relative summits, but rather that it evolves in a non correlated way from the issuance of the fiduciary money which is independent from it, at least partly. So, creating a separate currency doesn't require any specific value, apart from the only one which is fundamental and universally present in space and time inside the economic zone: the human being."
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                "Mieux : la définition d'une valeur de référence comme monnaie forcée est un biais fondamental qui nie la relativité de toute valeur que tout individu est en droit de juger indépendamment de ses concitoyens."
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                "Better: the definition of one reference value as a forced money is a fundamental bias that denies relativity of any value that any individual has the right to judge independently of his fellow citizens."
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            "source": [
                "Aussi il n'est pas étonnant du point de vue de la théorie relative de la monnaie qu'en 1971 l'étalon-or ait été abandonné au profit d'une monnaie totalement dématérialisée, dont la croissance globale est contrôlée par une Banque Centrale et par un ensemble de règles restreignant la capacité des Banques privées à émettre des crédits."
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                "Also it is not surprising from the point of view of the Relative Theory of Money that in 1971 the standard gold has been abandoned for a totally dematerialized currency, whose growth is controlled by a Central Bank and by a set of rules restraining the capacity of the private Banks to emit credits."
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            "source": [
                "Toutefois, le système de « l'argent-dette » bien qu'étant un pas en avant par rapport à un système à valeur de référence, reste biaisé par l'octroi de crédits centralisés sur des volumes et des valeurs arbitraires au détriment d'une large part de la population présente et à venir."
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                "However, the “money-debt” system, while being a step ahead from a system of reference value, remains biased by the granting of centralized credits on arbitrary volumes and values to the detriment of a large part of the present and future population."
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                "*“Ounce of gold / Money Supply M3 in the USA ($)” ratio evolution from 1958 to 2010.*"
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